OFFSET agreements are legal trade practices, common in the aerospace and military industries. The international names for these commercial practices are various: industrial compensations, industrial cooperation, OFFSETs, industrial and regional benefits, balances and equilibrium. An OFFSET agreement is an agreement between two parties whereby a supplier agrees to buy products from the party to whom it is selling, in order to win the buyer as a customer and OFFSET the buyer's outlay. Generally the seller is a foreign company and the buyer is a government that stipulates that the seller must then agree to buy products from companies within their country. Indeed, industrial compensation practices required as a condition of purchase in either government-to-government or commercial sales of articles and/or services. Often, the aim of this process is to even-up a country's balance of trade. Although the OFFSET agreement is so significant, it has been rarely known for inner academic associations; in this work, after brief introducing of the mechanism, variations and compensatory obligations of these CONTRACTS, we discuss about the structure of them and the tendency of their parties to bind independent CONTRACTS related to each other throughout a document called the protocol.

In this study, an experimental and numerical analysis is done to study the flow characteristics of an OFFSET and non-OFFSET axisymmetric jet impingement on a circular cylinder. The purpose of this study is investigation of the behavior of the cutting gas jets and finding the optimum distance between nozzle and cylinder to achieve maximum cutting performance. Finite volume approach is used to solve the governing equations for a turbulent, incompressible jet numerically. According to the literature the suitable turbulence model for this purpose is realizable k-e. Velocity and pressure fields around the cylinder and pressure and shear stress distribution on the cylinder surface are determined for various cases. Also, some experiments are done to validate repeatability of experiments and numerical results. Comparisons between numerical results and experimental measurements validate the accuracy of numerical results. Also, results show that if the horizontal distance between the nozzle outlet and the stagnation point of cylinder is 2.5D, the shear stress on the cylinder surface has maximum value. Therefore in this situation jet has a maximum performance in cutting procedure.

It has been shown over several decades of radar research that the exploitation of diversity in a number of domains such as space, frequency, time, polarization, and, recently, waveform can provide increased agility, flexibility, reliability, and capabilities to the radar system. However this is often achieved either through efforts in system design, increased hardware complexity, or by employing additional resources. In the frequency diverse array (FDA) the subsequent antenna elements are fed with stepped discrete frequencies. So a range-angle dependent radiation pattern is made possible. It is possible to apply different frequencies with different patterns to the elements of FDA to achieve different radiation pattern. In this paper, a frequency diverse array with non-uniform inter-element frequency OFFSET called quadratic-FDA has been proposed, that its variation is a function of physical distance of elements from the first element. To produce the coefficient of the frequency OFFSET two Frequency OFFSET generators has been proposed. In The first proposed method uses linear distance as a input of function and the second one uses multiples of the roots of the Chebyshev polynomial. The proposed strategy provides a non-periodic beampattern, with a maximum that can be steered in space by selecting appropriate excitation weights of the antennas. This single-maximum beampattern, in contrast to multiple-maxima beampattern of the other forms of FDA, can help to further reject range-dependent interferences, causing improved SINR and increased detectability.

This study explains the individual’s behavior toward profits and losses contained in differently framed combined incentive CONTRACTS. Individual’s risk preferences and loss preferences are measured using Holt and Laury (2002) measure of risk aversion and Brink and Rankin (2013) measure of loss aversion, respectively. The last measure was adjusted with compensation characteristics in Iran. The relationship between these preferences and individual’s behavior under economically equivalent CONTRACTS of different frames is examined using experiment. Participating 92 subjects as well as conducting four separate experiments, the result indicated that there is a negative relationship between loss aversion and accepatance of CONTRACTS which have penalty component. Also, subjects preferred the first clawback contract (bonus> penalty) rather than the second clawback contract (bonus< penalty). In other words, CONTRACTS framing as well as endowment effect play a vital role in individual choices. Failure of common economic theories in explaining of individual behavior is confirmed in this study.

Nowadays, computer simulations are becoming more and more important in performance investigation of thermal systems. In this article, radiator from a cooling system of a diesel engine of ER24PC locomotive is simulated. The radiator is composed of parallel and series arrangement of compact heat exchangers with OFFSET strip fins. It also has two high and low temperature sections. Due to the complexity and compactness of heat transfer plates implemented in the radiator, the simulation is carried out in two steps. First, a relation for coolant-side and air -side heat transfer coefficient is correlated using computational fluid dynamics. Due to vortex shedding phenomenon in the staggered fin arrays, governing equations are solved transiently in twodimensional space. Appropriate timestep for the transient solution is chosen according to time period of vortex shedding from the surface. In the second step, using the developed computational code, the overall thermal performance of the radiator is simulated as a heat exchanger. Consequently, temperature distribution inside the radiator and its thermal performance are studied. Amount of heat released from the radiator in different flow rates and temperatures of fluid flowing out of the radiator are among the outputs of the developed code. Finally, thermal performance curve of radiator is obtained.

Energy Service Contract is an important method for energy saving. While taking some degree of risk, Energy Service Companies implement the energy-saving projects in the form of energy performance CONTRACTS for energy consumers (clients). This kind of CONTRACTS enjoy some new, subtle and different features. The question is whether this type of contract can be classified as a new contractual form? If not under which type of existing contract forms are they classified? In this paper, the framework of shared savings and guaranteed savings CONTRACTS as the main types of energy performance CONTRACTS is reviewed. Documents issued by the Ministry of Petroleum are compared to some certain CONTRACTS, including sales, promise of reward, hire-purchase and partnership; it is concluded that this specific kind of contract, is not compatible with any of the definite contract types mentioned above. Hence these CONTRACTS should be recognized under the principle of sovereignty and freeness of wills, Article 10 of the Civil Code. it is argued that these CONTRACTS are not marred by the risk of loss, so they are not defying the specific terms of law. it is argued that the structure of shared saving CONTRACTS is the same as of the reward contract under the definite CONTRACTS.

Ensuring a healthy environment involves and protects human beings and besides enjoying this right man has a commitment to protect it. The need to pay attention to the environment should be considered in parallel with the productive activities as a pillar of sustainable development. With regard to the position that the oil industry has found in today's world it should not be overlooked for human and environmental damage and we should look for solutions to reduce these injuries. Oil operations such as exploration development exploitation transportation and oil refining on the environment have devastating effects that can be controlled and reduced by measures. In this regard governments try to reduce the environmental impact of oil operations by setting laws and regulations. In this paper the emphasis on compliance with environmental requirements and the preservation of human rights of the environment has been addressed by the review of environmental laws and regulations and oil issues.

Lien is the right of recoupment by one party until liability fulfillment by other party. This right becomes binding in exchange CONTRACTS such as: sale and rent (lease). The main criteria for separationg them from non- exchange CONTRACTS is commitment and confrontation between parties, such that if one of these two is removed, the contrant will not been of exchange type. In addition to describing A major reason for conducting this research is investigation of the lien enforcement domain and lacking of its application for sale as well as highlighting its effects and consequences in mutual interest CONTRACTS from the viewpoint of jurisprudents. The research method is librarian and by using of appropriate.In this writing we described lien. Results showed that enforcement domain of the lien is not limited to sale contract; rather it involves other CONTRACTS such as rentand mutual interest settlement. Some of its consequences are its deposition on the lienclaimer and lacking of need to bring a suit and the court sentence for enforcing it.

However, in the Iranian legal system, a legal entity called "administrative contract" has not been identified and despite the efforts of public law jurists, such a path has not gone well. But it seems that in Iran, in the shadow of the requirements of the modern state, some of the administrative CONTRACTS here, specifically the mandatory ones, have been in place for decades, and promise to establish a law known in the Roman-German tradition as an "administrative contract. " The present article answers this question by understanding such importance: What are the grounds and problems of the birth of administrative CONTRACTS through compulsory CONTRACTS in the Iranian system? In response to this question, using the research method descriptive-analytical, these results have been obtained. First,Compulsory CONTRACTS in Iran are, in many cases, functionally the same as administrative CONTRACTS. Second,Due to the occurrence of such a situation, one can hope for the legal recognition and establishment of administrative CONTRACTS in Iran and in this way it got rid of the confusion that prevails in the current atmosphere. Third,Despite the legislature's railing for the birth of administrative CONTRACTS in Iran, there are many obstacles in front of this legal institution in Iran. Fourth, The focus of these obstacles is in the view of the Guardian Council on the issue of the contract.